HTTPS安全超文本传输协议HTTPS安全超文本传输协议详解与实践

HTTPS是一种安全的超文本传输协议，通过SSL/TLS协议对传输的数据进行加密，提供身份认证和数据完整性保护。与HTTP相比，HTTPS具有更高的安全性，广泛应用于互联网上的各类服务，如网页浏览、邮件传输、金融交易等。，，HTTP是明文传输信息，存在信息窃听、信息篡改和信息劫持的风险；而协议TLS/SSL具有身份验证、信息加密和完整性校验的功能，可以避免此类问题发生。

本文目录导读：

HTTPS简介
HTTPS工作原理
使用Python实现HTTPS服务器

随着互联网的快速发展，网络安全问题日益凸显，保护用户数据和隐私成为了一个重要的课题，在众多的网络传输协议中，HTTPS作为一种安全的超文本传输协议，受到了广泛的关注，本文将对HTTPS进行详细的解读，并通过实践演示如何使用Python编程实现一个简单的HTTPS服务器。

HTTPS安全超文本传输协议HTTPS安全超文本传输协议详解与实践

HTTPS简介

HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol,超文本传输协议)是一种用于从Web服务器传输超文本到本地浏览器的传送协议，它基于TCP/IP协议，通常运行在TCP之上，由于HTTP协议本身不提供任何安全机制，因此在传输过程中数据容易被截获和篡改，导致用户数据泄露和隐私受到侵犯。

为了解决这个问题，万维网联盟(W3C)推出了一种新的安全传输层协议——HTTPS(HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure,安全超文本传输协议)，HTTPS在HTTP的基础上加入了SSL/TLS加密层，可以确保数据在传输过程中的安全性。

HTTPS工作原理

HTTPS的工作原理主要包括以下几个步骤：

1、客户端发起请求：客户端(如浏览器)向服务器发送一个HTTPS请求，请求中包含目标网址和其他相关信息。

2、证书颁发机构认证：服务器需要向证书颁发机构(CA)申请一张数字证书，证书中包含了服务器的身份信息和公钥，当客户端收到服务器的响应时，会验证服务器证书的有效性，如果证书有效，客户端会对服务器的公钥进行加密后的哈希值进行验证。

3、加密传输：客户端和服务器之间的通信过程会被加密，确保数据在传输过程中不被第三方窃取或篡改。

4、服务器解密响应：服务器收到加密的数据后，会使用自己的私钥进行解密，还原出原始的明文数据，然后将响应发送给客户端。

5、客户端解密响应：客户端收到解密后的响应后，可以正常显示网页内容。

使用Python实现HTTPS服务器

下面我们将使用Python的http.server模块来实现一个简单的HTTPS服务器，首先需要生成一个自签名证书，然后启动服务器。

1、生成自签名证书

导入所需模块
from OpenSSL import crypto
import os
import time
生成私钥文件
key_file = "private.key"
with open(key_file, "wb") as f:
    f.write(crypto.PKey().generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 2048).export_key())
生成证书文件
cert_file = "certificate.crt"
conf_file = "openssl.cnf"
conf = """[req]
default_bits       = 2048
prompt             = no
default_md         = sha256
distinguished_name  = req_distinguished_name
x509_extensions     = v3_ca  # required for certificate signing request (CSR) creation and verification with OpenSSL CLI tool
req_extensions      = v3_req # required for certificate signing request (CSR) creation and verification with OpenSSL CLI tool
string_mask          = nomask # disable string masking for the subject and issuer names in the distinguished name fields of the CSR and the final certificate respectively (i.e. do not mask email addresses)"""
with open(conf_file, "w") as f:
    f.write(conf)
cmd = f"openssl req -new -nodes -days 3650 -x509 -keyout {key_file} -out {cert_file} -config {conf_file}"
os.system(cmd)

2、启动HTTPS服务器

import http.server
import socketserver
import urllib.parse
import re
import ssl
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from OpenSSL import crypto
import os
import time
from http import HTTPStatus as http_status
from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs, unquote, quote_plus, urlencode, urlunparse, splithostport, splituserpass, urlsplit, urlunsplit, urldefrag, urljoin, urldecode, urlencode, parse_header, unquote_header_value, make_headers, isdigits, hexlify, unhexlify, _to_bytes as tob, _to_text as tot, _replace_params as reppl, _parse_auth as paa, _parse_netloc as palnloc; from collections import namedtuple; from io import BytesIO; from itertools import zip_longest; from functools import partial; from operator import itemgetter; from sys import version_info as _version; from typing import Any; from threading import Lock; from queue import Full; from collections import deque; from enum import IntEnum; from hashlib import blake2b; from base64 import b64encode as b64e; from base64 import b64decode as b64d; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF; from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as STF; from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TMPDIR; from tempfile import gettempdir as tmpdir; from tempfile import mkdtemp as mtdtemp; from tempfile import mkstemp as mtstemp; from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NTF