工厂模式是一种创建型设计模式，它提供了一种封装对象创建过程的方式，使得代码更加灵活、可维护和可扩展。工厂模式分为三种类型：简单工厂模式、工厂方法模式和抽象工厂模式 。，，- 简单工厂模式：提供一个创建对象的接口，让子类决定实例化哪一个类。，- 工厂方法模式：定义一个用于创建对象的接口，让子类决定实例化哪一个类。，- 抽象工厂模式：提供一个接口，用于创建一系列相关或相互依赖的对象。
在计算机科学中，工厂模式是一种创建型设计模式，它提供了一种创建对象的最佳方式，在工厂模式中，我们在创建对象时不会对客户端暴露创建逻辑，而是通过使用一个共同的接口来指向新创建的对象，这种方式使得同样的类可以在不知道具体类的情况下被实例化，工厂模式主要包括简单工厂模式、工厂方法模式和抽象工厂模式。
1、简单工厂模式
简单工厂模式是最常用的一种工厂模式，它通过一个工厂类来创建所需的对象，简单工厂模式的主要优点是可以将对象的创建过程与使用过程分离，使得代码更加清晰，以下是一个简单的简单工厂模式示例：
class SimpleFactory:
def create_product(self, product_type):
if product_type == "A":
return ProductA()
elif product_type == "B":
return ProductB()
else:
return None
factory = SimpleFactory()
product_a = factory.create_product("A")
product_b = factory.create_product("B")2、工厂方法模式
工厂方法模式是在简单工厂模式的基础上进行扩展的，它将对象的创建过程交给子类来实现，这样可以降低耦合度，使得代码更加灵活，以下是一个简单的工厂方法模式示例：
class FactoryMethod:
def create_product(self):
pass
class ConcreteProductA(Product):
def __init__(self):
self.name = "Product A"
class ConcreteProductB(Product):
def __init__(self):
self.name = "Product B"
class ConcreteFactory(FactoryMethod):
def create_product(self):
if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
return ConcreteProductA()
else:
return ConcreteProductB()
factory = ConcreteFactory()
product = factory.create_product()3、抽象工厂模式
抽象工厂模式是在工厂方法模式的基础上进行扩展的，它提供了一种方式，可以将一组具有同一主题的单独的工厂封装起来，这样可以降低耦合度，使得代码更加灵活，以下是一个简单的抽象工厂模式示例：
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from enum import Enum
from typing import List, Type, Union
import random
class AbstractProduct(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def operation(self) -> str:
pass
class ProductA(AbstractProduct):
def operation(self) -> str:
return f"{self.__class__.__name__} is doing operation"
class ProductB(AbstractProduct):
def operation(self) -> str:
return f"{self.__class__.__name__} is doing operation"
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from enum import Enum
from typing import List, Type, Union
import random
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